In many developing countries, the main difficulties for customs in administering the transit regime result from the poor training of customs officers, the lack of physical infrastructure, difficult communications, and the absence of coordination with customs services of neighboring countries.ДЄ major problem with transit operations in developing countries is the complexity of regulations and high costs associated with various formalities, in particular from maritime to landlocked countries. With respect to the termination of a customs transit operation, customs formalities usually require that the goods and the relevant goods declaration be presented at the customs office of destination within the time limit fixed, without the goods having undergone any change and with customs seals, fastenings, or identification marks intact. Goods should be accompanied by an internationally accepted carnet in the country of departure and serving as a control document in the countries of departure, transit, and destination.Д¬ustoms control measures taken in the country of departure should be accepted by the countries of transit and destination. Goods should travel in secure vehicles or containers.Дuties and taxes should be covered by an internationally valid guarantee. In order to ensure that goods travel with a minimum of interference and yet offer maximum safeguards to customs administrations in all countries of transit, the TIR system contains four basic requirements, called the four main pillars of the TIR transit system: At the office of departure, the main requirements for goods in transit include a written declaration the provision of security 112 examination and identification of goods (when deemed necessary, customs seals are affixed to the preapproved transport unit) 113 and, in the case of goods subject to high duty or tax rates, a number of specific measures considered necessary to ensure security of the goods in transit, such as a prescribed itinerary and time limit, customs escort, and customs seals and identification marks for packages. The jargon distinguishes among (1) through transit (office of entry to office of exit) (2) import transit (office of entry to inland customs office) (3) export transit (inland customs office to office of exit) and (4) internal transit (one inland customs office to another).Д¬ustoms transit procedures and formalities are usually straightforward and simple to administer see Box 8.1. The United States and Canada are contracting parties, as are Chile and Uruguay.Д¬ustoms transit may also refer to a purely domestic movement, such as movement from a border station, port, or airport to a customs office or bonded warehouse in the interior of the country. It covers the whole of Europe and reaches out to North Africa and the Near and Middle East. To date, the TIR Convention has nearly 60 contracting parties, including the European Community. The 1971 Convention on the International Transit of Goods and the 1975 Convention on International Transportation by Road (Transport International par Route, TIR) were introduced to facilitate international transport, in particular to improve the efficiency of combined (or multimodal) transport. In this context, customs international transit is the passage of a consignment through a national customs territory, by entering the territory at a border office, port, or airport and leaving the country via another office, in order to continue its movement to its final destination.

111 To facilitate the international transport of goods that have to pass through a number of customs territories, arrangements are made under bilateral or multilateral agreements for the application of standard procedures. Definitions, Principles, and ProceduresД¬ustoms transit means the customs procedure under which goods are transported under customs control from one customs office to another.

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